List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia

Armed conflicts between Poland (including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland) and Russia (including the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and the Principality of Moscow) include:

Polish or Polish–Lithuanian victory

Russian, Soviet, or Muscovite victory

Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Poland or Russia in which the other intervened, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Piast Poland versus Kievan Rus'

This is a list of wars between Piast Poland and Kievan Rus', from the 10th to the 13th century.

Polish victory

Kievan Rus' victory

Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Piast Poland or Kievan Rus' in which the other intervened, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Date	Conflict	Piast Poland and allies	Kievan Rus' and allies	Result
981	Vladimir the Great's Polish Campaign	Civitas Schinesghe	Kievan Rus'	Kievan Rus' victory^[1]
1013	Bolesław the Brave's expedition to Kievan Rus^[2]	Civitas Schinesghe	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory
1018	Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis	Civitas Schinesghe Pro-Sviatopolk Kievan Rus'	Pro-Yaroslav Kievan Rus'	Temporary joint victory for Poland and Sviatopolk Poles left Kiev; acquired Cherven Cities Yaroslav ousted Sviatopolk from Kiev
1022	Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest	Civitas Schinesghe	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory
1030–1031	Yaroslav the Wise invasion in Poland^[3](German-Polish War)	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Kievan Rus' victory^[4] Kievan Rus' recovered the Cherven Cities
1065–1069^[5]	Rebellion of Vseslav of Polotsk^[5] Sieges of Pskov and Novgorod (1065–1067)^[5] Battle on the Nemiga River (1067)^[5] Kiev uprising of 1068^[5] Intervention by Bolesław II the Bold (1069)^[5]	Principality of Kiev Principality of Chernigov Principality of Pereyaslavl Kingdom of Poland (1069)	Principality of Polotsk	Allied victory Principality of Polotsk defeated (1067)^[5] Brief Vseslav reign in Kiev (1068–May 1069)^[5] Polish intervention (May 1069)^[5] Restoration of Iziaslav I of Kiev (May 1069)^[5]
1076–1077	Kievan succession crisis^[6] Casus belli: death of Sviatoslav Yaroslavich (26 December 1076) Vsevolod besieged Iziaslav in Volyn (1077) Boris Sviatoslavich captured Chernigov, but Vsevolod ousted him (May 1077) Iziaslav recovered Kiev with Polish support (July 1077)^[7]^[8]^[9]	Iziaslav Yaroslavich Bolesław II of Poland Boris Sviatoslavich	Vsevolod Yaroslavich	Compromise Iziaslav and Vsevolod concluded peace Iziaslav recovered Kiev with Polish help (July 1077)^[7]^[8] Vsevolod retained Chernigov Sons of Sviatoslav exiled to Tmutorakan
1092	Vasilko Rostislavich's raid on Poland^[10]	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Kievan Rus' victory
1120—1125	Polish-Ruthenian war (1120—1125) Kievan-Cuman raid on Poland (1120)^[11] Battle of Wysokie (1122) Siege of Volodymyr (1123)^[12] Battle of Wilichów (1124)	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory^[13]^[a]
1142-1143	Vsevolod's raid on Poland^[14]	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Kievan Rus' victory
1163	Polish raid on Rus'^[15]	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory
1182–1183	War for Brest	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory
1192	Battle of Drohiczyn	Kingdom of Poland	Kievan Rus'	Polish victory

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland versus Principality of Moscow

Date	Conflict	Poland and allies	Moscow and allies	Result
1507–1508	Lithuanian-Muscovite War	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crown of the Kingdom of Poland	Principality of Moscow	Disputed Muscovy renounces claim to Liubech and cedes six border counties to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lithuania renounces claims to territories lost as a result of the last war
1512–1522	Lithuanian–Muscovite War	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crown of the Kingdom of Poland	Principality of Moscow	Muscovite victory^[16] Muscovy captures Smolensk
1534–1537	Lithuanian-Muscovite War	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crown of the Kingdom of Poland	Principality of Moscow	Peace treaty Muscovy gives Gomel Muscovy gains new fortresses Sebezh, Zavolochye and Velizh

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth versus Tsarist Russia

Date	Conflict	Poland–Lithuania and allies	Russia and allies	Result
1561–1570	Polotsk War [ru]	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crown of the Kingdom of Poland From 1569: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Tsardom of Russia (or Muscovy)	Russian (Muscovite) victory
1577–1582	Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Principality of Transylvania	Russia	Polish–Lithuanian victory Livonia, Courland and Semigallia to Poland–Lithuania.
1605	1st Dimitriad	False Dmitry 1 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Tsardom of Russia Russian supporters	Victory of False Dmitry 1
1606	Moscow uprising	False Dmitry 1 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Tsardom of Russia Russian supporters	Victory of Shuisky's coalition^[17]
1607–1609	2nd Dimitriad	False Dmitry 2 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Tsardom of Russia Russian supporters	Government victory^[18]^[19]
1609–1618	Polish–Muscovite War	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian Cossacks	Tsardom of Russia Kingdom of Sweden ^[b]	Polish–Lithuanian victory^[20]^[21] Truce of Deulino Poland–Lithuania gains Severia, Chernihiv^[22] and Smolensk^[23]
Autumn 1632 – Spring 1634	Smolensk War	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian Cossacks	Tsardom of Russia	Polish–Lithuanian victory^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] Treaty of Polyanovka Russian failure to retake Smolensk. Russia receives Serpeysk^[c]
1654–1667	Russo-Polish War	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Crimean Khanate Cossack Hetmanate (1658–1659, 1660–1667 in Right-bank Ukraine) Duchy of Prussia (1654–1656)^[28]	Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate	Russian victory^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] Truce of Andrusovo Russia gains control of left-bank Ukraine, Kiev and Smolensk.
18 May – 27 July 1792	Polish–Russian War of 1792	Poland–Lithuania	Russian Empire Targowica Confederates	Russian victory Second Partition of Poland
24 March – 16 November 1794	Kościuszko Uprising	Poland–Lithuania (Kościuszko rebels)	Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg monarchy)^[d] Duchy of Courland and Semigallia	Russo-Prussian victory Dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Third Partition of Poland

Polish states and rebels versus Russian Empire

Date	Conflict	Polish and allies	Russia and allies	Result
9 October 1806 – 9 July 1807	War of the Fourth Coalition Siege of Danzig (1807)	France Confederation of the Rhine Etruria Holland Italy Naples Saxony (from 11 Dec 1806) Polish Legions Swiss Confederation Spain Polish rebels	Fourth Coalition: Prussia Russia United Kingdom Saxony (until 11 Dec 1806) Sweden Sicily Septinsular Republic (from 17th June 1807)	French victory Treaties of Tilsit Treaty of Posen Prussia loses over half of its territory Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Westphalia
24 June – 24 December 1812	French invasion of Russia, pitched by Napoleon as the "Second Polish War"	French Empire Duchy of Warsaw Italy Naples Rhine Confederation Saxony Bavaria Westphalia Württemberg Hesse Berg Baden Switzerland Spain^[33] French allies: Austria Prussia	Russia United Kingdom	Russian victory Escalation of the conflict into the Sixth Coalition
24 December 1812 – 30 May 1814	War of the Sixth Coalition	France Duchy of Warsaw^[e] Italy Naples Napoleonic Spain^[f] Confederation of the Rhine^[g] Denmark–Norway (1813–1814)	Original coalition Russia Prussia Spain United Kingdom Hanover Mecklenburg-Schwerin Portugal Sardinia Sicily Sweden After the Armistice of Pläswitz Austria Bavaria After the Battle of Leipzig Baden Saxony After 20 November 1813 Netherlands After January 1814 Denmark	Coalition victory Creation of Congress Poland
29 November 1830 – 21 October 1831	November Uprising	National Government	Russian Empire Congress Poland Polish Loyalists	Russian victory
22 January 1863 – 18 June 1864/1865	January Uprising	Polish National Government Rebels from the pre-partition lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Garibaldi Legion Foreign volunteers: French volunteers British volunteers Hungarian volunteers Supported by: Land and Liberty Dzyalynsky Committee	Russian Empire Warsaw Vilna Kiev Supported by: Kingdom of Prussia	Russian victory
1905–1907	Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland	Polish revolutionaries Worker militias Polish Socialist Party Combat Organization SDKPiL Bund Anarchists	Imperial Government Russian Army Okhrana Polish reactionaries National-Democratic Party Stronnictwo Polityki Realnej (Real Politics Party)	Imperial Government victory

Second Polish Republic versus Soviet Union

Date	Conflict	Poland and allies	Soviet Union and allies	Result
November 18, 1918 – March, 1919	Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919	White Movement Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Poland Romania Ukraine France United Kingdom Ober Ost Finnish, Danish, and Swedish volunteers^[34]	Russian SFSR Soviet Estonia Soviet Latvia Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee Ukrainian SSR Finnish Red Guards^[35]	Inconclusive Soviet victory in Eastern Belorussia Start of the Polish Soviet War Soviet defeat in the Baltic states Occupation of the Baltic states and most of Belarus by the Red Army, creation of the Soviet republics - Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR and Belorussian SSR
1918/1919^[h] – 18 March 1921	Polish–Soviet War	Poland Ukraine (1920) Belarus (1920) Latvia (1920)^[i] Support: France Hungary Romania^[38] United Kingdom^[j] United States^[j]	Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Polrewkom	Polish victory^[39] Poland retained control of modern-day Western Ukraine and Western Belarus (Kresy in interwar Poland) Soviet forces retained control of modern-day Eastern Ukraine and Eastern Belarus
17 September – 6 October 1939	Soviet invasion of Poland	Poland	Soviet Union Co-belligerent: Germany	Soviet victory Territory of Eastern Poland (Kresy) annexed by the Soviet Union

Notes

^ In the end, after the Battle of Wilichów, Bolesław III Wrymouth defeated Vladimirko Volodarovich
^ 1609–1610
^ To encourage Russia to join the anti-Swedish alliance
^ They did not participate in active hostilities.
^ The Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
^ Dissolved after the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813
^ Many member states defected after the Battle of Leipzig
^ There is disagreement over the dates of the war. The Encyclopædia Britannica begins its "Russo-Polish War" article with the date range 1919–1920 but then states, "Although there had been hostilities between the two countries during 1919, the conflict began when the Polish head of state Józef Piłsudski formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlyura (21 April 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on 7 May." Some Western historians, including Norman Davies, consider mid-February 1919 the beginning of the war.^[36] However, military confrontations between forces that can be considered officially Polish and the Red Army were already happening by late autumn 1918 and in January 1919.^[37] The city of Vilnius, for example, was taken by the Soviets on 5 January 1919.
^ Battle of Daugavpils
^ ^a ^b Volunteers

References

^ Щавелева Н.И. Древняя Русь в "Польской истории" Яна Длугоша М. 2004. с.230
^ Bunar, Piotr; Sroka, Stanisław Andrzej (2004). Słownik wojen, bitew i potyczek w średniowiecznej Polsce. Kraków: Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas". p. 18. ISBN 978-83-242-0397-0.
^ Dimnik M. Yaroslav Vladimirovich (англ.) // Encyclopedia of Russian History / Ed.-in-Chief J. R. Millar. — New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. — P. 1702. — ISBN 0-02-865907-4.
^ Королюк В.Д. Западные славяне и Киевская Русь в X—XI вв. — М.: Наука, 1964. — 383 с.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Martin 2007, p. 31.
^ Martin 2007, p. 57.
^ ^a ^b "Jak król Bolesław niewierne żony ukarał". CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl (in Polish). 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ ^a ^b po/PAP (2011-12-24). "Trochę historii: 935 lat temu Bolesław Szczodry został królem Polski". Newsweek (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ "Bolesław Śmiały i Stanisław ze Szczepanowa. Krwawa rozprawa króla z biskupem zdrajcą | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ Pashuto 1968, p. 44.
^ Pashuto 1968, p. 151.
^ Pashuto 1968, p. 152.
^ "Zwycięskie wojny Polski z Rusią i Rosją na przestrzeni wieków | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2024-11-23. Rozwścieczony Bolesław w bitwie po Wilichowem zmiażdżył wschodniego władcę skutecznie wybijając mu z głowy walki z Polską.
^ Pashuto 1968, p. 153.
^ Pashuto 1968, p. 159.
^ Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829. — Т. 7.
^ Платонов, Сергей Федорович (1899). "Очерки по истории смуты в московском государстве".
^ Gumilev 2023, pp. 375–376.
^ After the final defeat, he was killed by the Tatars in 1610
^ Pognowski, Iwo (1988). Poland, a historical atlas. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-87052-282-6.
^ Koneczny, Feliks. Dzieje Polski opowiedziane dla młodzieży. p. 158. Wtem zatrzymano się, zawierając w Dywilinie rozejm na lat 16. Warunki były świetne. Trzy obszerne ziemie: smoleńska, siewierska i czernihowska powiększyły obszar Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. [...] rozszerzając granice państwa tak daleko poza Dniepr, świadczył o wielkiej potędze Polski i Litwy. Szczyt potęgi polskiej przypada właśnie na te czasy.
^ "Wojny polsko-rosyjskie w XVII wieku – lata 1609–1618, 1632–1634". wypracowania24.pl. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
^ Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2019). A Concise History of Poland (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
^ Ostrowski, Donald (2022-01-25). Russia in the Early Modern World: The Continuity of Change. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-7936-3421-4. The siege failed and the subsequent Treaty of Polianovka, which ended the Smolensk War in 1634 [...] This defeat ended Muscovy's initial attempt to convert to Euro-Ottoman-style strategy.
^ "Legal foundations of administration in Belarusian lands in the 14th-18th centuries (overview)". Archives of Belarus. 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2024-11-26. Russia began the so-called Smolensk War of 1632-1634, which ended in her defeat.
^ Kupisz, Dariusz (2001). Smoleńsk 1632-1634. Historyczne Bitwy. Warszawa: "Bellona". ISBN 978-83-11-09282-2. Zwycięstwo nad Moskwą, przynoszące państwu korzystny traktat pokojowy, opłacono więc stosunkowo niewielkimi kosztami.
^ "500 lat wojen Polski z Rosją. Od XV w. nie było stulecia, by Polska nie toczyła wojny z Rosją | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
^ Овсій, Іван Олексійович. Зовнішня політика України від давніх часів до 1944 року: навч. посібник для студ. гуманітар. спец. вищих закладів освіти / І. О. Овсій . – Київ: Либідь, 1999. – 238 с. Дата обращения: 20 августа 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2017 года
^ Bushkovitch 2012, p. 66.
^ Gumilev 2023, p. 416.
^ Perrie 2006, p. 506.
^ Essen 2023, p. 411.
^ Zamoyski 2004, p. 87.
^ Per Finsted. "Boganmeldelse: For Dannebrogs Ære - Danske frivillige i Estlands og Letlands frihedskamp 1919 af Niels Jensen". chakoten.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
^ Thomas & Boltowsky (2019), p. 23.
^ Davies 2003, p. 22.
^ Chwalba 2020, p. 13.
^ "Rumunia – zapomniany sojusznik" [Romania – a forgotten ally]. Chwała Zapomniana (in Polish). 6 March 2019.
^
- Sparks, Alan E. (2020-08-18). Into the Carpathians: A Journey Through the Heart and History of East Central Europe (Part 2: The Western Mountains). Rainy Day Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-70572-9.
- Overy, Richard J. (1999). Russia's war. London: Penguin. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-14-027169-0. The Soviet leaders never forgot the war with Poland. Twenty years later the area was reoccupied amidst an orgy of reprisals. The defeat of 1920 showed that despite victory in the civil war the new state was weakly defended and insecure.
- Watt, Richard M. (1998). Bitter glory: Poland and its fate ; 1918-1939. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7818-0673-2. Despite Piłsudski's disappointment with many aspects of the Treaty of Riga, the Polish-Soviet War did have certain positive results for the Polish Republic. Most importantly, it taught the Soviet government that it was dealing with a tough, patriotic people who were unready for a revolution with a Russian flavor. Lenin himself admitted that the war had been a serious mistake. Poland had been probed with the bayonets of the Red Army and the bayonets had been blunted. The Soviets would not attack Poland again for nearly a generation.
- "History of the Russo-Polish War | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
- Gella, Aleksander (1989-01-01). Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors. SUNY Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88706-833-1. The Polish victory had gained twenty years of independence
- Porter-Szücs, Brian Allen (2014). Poland in the modern world: beyond martyrdom. A new history of modern Europe. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4443-3218-6. In hindsight, the Polish-Bolshevik War was in a fact a victory for the idea of Poland
- Sanford, George (2007-05-07). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-30299-4. in the 'bitterness of defeat' in the Polish-Soviet War of 1920

Sources

Włodarski, Bronisław (1927), Polityka ruska Leszka białego, vol. III, Lviv: Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Poznaniu
Kotlar, Nikolai (2003). Политика южной Руси [The politics of Southern Russia] (in Russian). Алетейя. ISBN 5-89329-593-5.
Gumilev, Lev (2023) [1992]. От Руси к России [For Rus' to Russia]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow: AST. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.
Karamzin, Nikolay (1824). История Государства Российского [History of the Russian state]. Volume II, Chapter IX.
Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
Solovyov, Sergey (1879). История России с древнейших времён [The history of Russia since ancient times] (in Russian). Chapter VII.
Pashuto, Vladimir (1968). Внешняя политика Руси [The foreign policy of Russia] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.

[14] In the end, after the Battle of Wilichów, Bolesław III Wrymouth defeated Vladimirko Volodarovich

[21] 1609–1610

[30] To encourage Russia to join the anti-Swedish alliance

[36] They did not participate in active hostilities.

[38] The Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.

[39] Dissolved after the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813

[40] Many member states defected after the Battle of Leipzig

[45] There is disagreement over the dates of the war. The Encyclopædia Britannica begins its "Russo-Polish War" article with the date range 1919–1920 but then states, "Although there had been hostilities between the two countries during 1919, the conflict began when the Polish head of state Józef Piłsudski formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlyura (21 April 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on 7 May." Some Western historians, including Norman Davies, consider mid-February 1919 the beginning of the war.^[36] However, military confrontations between forces that can be considered officially Polish and the Red Army were already happening by late autumn 1918 and in January 1919.^[37] The city of Vilnius, for example, was taken by the Soviets on 5 January 1919.

[Latvia-46] Battle of Daugavpils

[Volunteers-48] Volunteers

[1] Щавелева Н.И. Древняя Русь в "Польской истории" Яна Длугоша М. 2004. с.230

[2] Bunar, Piotr; Sroka, Stanisław Andrzej (2004). Słownik wojen, bitew i potyczek w średniowiecznej Polsce. Kraków: Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas". p. 18. ISBN 978-83-242-0397-0.

[3] Dimnik M. Yaroslav Vladimirovich (англ.) // Encyclopedia of Russian History / Ed.-in-Chief J. R. Millar. — New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. — P. 1702. — ISBN 0-02-865907-4.

[4] Королюк В.Д. Западные славяне и Киевская Русь в X—XI вв. — М.: Наука, 1964. — 383 с.

[FOOTNOTEMartin200731-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Martin 2007, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEMartin200757-6] Martin 2007, p. 57.

[List_of_wars_between_Piast_Poland_and_Kievan_Rus'_:0-7] "Jak król Bolesław niewierne żony ukarał". CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl (in Polish). 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2024-09-01.

[List_of_wars_between_Piast_Poland_and_Kievan_Rus'_:1-8] /PAP (2011-12-24). "Trochę historii: 935 lat temu Bolesław Szczodry został królem Polski". Newsweek (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-09-01.

[9] "Bolesław Śmiały i Stanisław ze Szczepanowa. Krwawa rozprawa króla z biskupem zdrajcą | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2024-09-01.

[FOOTNOTEPashuto196844-10] Pashuto 1968, p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEPashuto1968151-11] Pashuto 1968, p. 151.

[FOOTNOTEPashuto1968152-12] Pashuto 1968, p. 152.

[13] "Zwycięskie wojny Polski z Rusią i Rosją na przestrzeni wieków | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2024-11-23. Rozwścieczony Bolesław w bitwie po Wilichowem zmiażdżył wschodniego władcę skutecznie wybijając mu z głowy walki z Polską.

[FOOTNOTEPashuto1968153-15] Pashuto 1968, p. 153.

[FOOTNOTEPashuto1968159-16] Pashuto 1968, p. 159.

[17] Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829. — Т. 7.

[18] Платонов, Сергей Федорович (1899). "Очерки по истории смуты в московском государстве".

[FOOTNOTEGumilev2023375–376-19] Gumilev 2023, pp. 375–376.

[20] After the final defeat, he was killed by the Tatars in 1610

[22] Pognowski, Iwo (1988). Poland, a historical atlas. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-87052-282-6.

[23] Koneczny, Feliks. Dzieje Polski opowiedziane dla młodzieży. p. 158. Wtem zatrzymano się, zawierając w Dywilinie rozejm na lat 16. Warunki były świetne. Trzy obszerne ziemie: smoleńska, siewierska i czernihowska powiększyły obszar Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. [...] rozszerzając granice państwa tak daleko poza Dniepr, świadczył o wielkiej potędze Polski i Litwy. Szczyt potęgi polskiej przypada właśnie na te czasy.

[24] "Wojny polsko-rosyjskie w XVII wieku – lata 1609–1618, 1632–1634". wypracowania24.pl. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[25] Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2019). A Concise History of Poland (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 119.

[26] Ostrowski, Donald (2022-01-25). Russia in the Early Modern World: The Continuity of Change. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-7936-3421-4. The siege failed and the subsequent Treaty of Polianovka, which ended the Smolensk War in 1634 [...] This defeat ended Muscovy's initial attempt to convert to Euro-Ottoman-style strategy.

[27] "Legal foundations of administration in Belarusian lands in the 14th-18th centuries (overview)". Archives of Belarus. 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2024-11-26. Russia began the so-called Smolensk War of 1632-1634, which ended in her defeat.

[28] Kupisz, Dariusz (2001). Smoleńsk 1632-1634. Historyczne Bitwy. Warszawa: "Bellona". ISBN 978-83-11-09282-2. Zwycięstwo nad Moskwą, przynoszące państwu korzystny traktat pokojowy, opłacono więc stosunkowo niewielkimi kosztami.

[29] "500 lat wojen Polski z Rosją. Od XV w. nie było stulecia, by Polska nie toczyła wojny z Rosją | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2025-01-10.

[31] Овсій, Іван Олексійович. Зовнішня політика України від давніх часів до 1944 року: навч. посібник для студ. гуманітар. спец. вищих закладів освіти / І. О. Овсій . – Київ: Либідь, 1999. – 238 с. Дата обращения: 20 августа 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2017 года

[FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201266-32] Bushkovitch 2012, p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEGumilev2023416-33] Gumilev 2023, p. 416.

[FOOTNOTEPerrie2006506-34] Perrie 2006, p. 506.

[FOOTNOTEEssen2023411-35] Essen 2023, p. 411.

[FOOTNOTEZamoyski200487-37] Zamoyski 2004, p. 87.

[chakoten.dk-41] Per Finsted. "Boganmeldelse: For Dannebrogs Ære - Danske frivillige i Estlands og Letlands frihedskamp 1919 af Niels Jensen". chakoten.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-06-18.

[FOOTNOTEThomasBoltowsky201923-42] Thomas & Boltowsky (2019), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEDavies200322-43] Davies 2003, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEChwalba202013-44] Chwalba 2020, p. 13.

[47] "Rumunia – zapomniany sojusznik" [Romania – a forgotten ally]. Chwała Zapomniana (in Polish). 6 March 2019.

[49] 
Sparks, Alan E. (2020-08-18). Into the Carpathians: A Journey Through the Heart and History of East Central Europe (Part 2: The Western Mountains). Rainy Day Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-70572-9.

Overy, Richard J. (1999). Russia's war. London: Penguin. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-14-027169-0. The Soviet leaders never forgot the war with Poland. Twenty years later the area was reoccupied amidst an orgy of reprisals. The defeat of 1920 showed that despite victory in the civil war the new state was weakly defended and insecure.

Watt, Richard M. (1998). Bitter glory: Poland and its fate ; 1918-1939. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7818-0673-2. Despite Piłsudski's disappointment with many aspects of the Treaty of Riga, the Polish-Soviet War did have certain positive results for the Polish Republic. Most importantly, it taught the Soviet government that it was dealing with a tough, patriotic people who were unready for a revolution with a Russian flavor. Lenin himself admitted that the war had been a serious mistake. Poland had been probed with the bayonets of the Red Army and the bayonets had been blunted. The Soviets would not attack Poland again for nearly a generation.

"History of the Russo-Polish War | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-04-07.

Gella, Aleksander (1989-01-01). Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors. SUNY Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88706-833-1. The Polish victory had gained twenty years of independence

Porter-Szücs, Brian Allen (2014). Poland in the modern world: beyond martyrdom. A new history of modern Europe. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4443-3218-6. In hindsight, the Polish-Bolshevik War was in a fact a victory for the idea of Poland

Sanford, George (2007-05-07). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-30299-4. in the 'bitterness of defeat' in the Polish-Soviet War of 1920

[50] Sparks, Alan E. (2020-08-18). Into the Carpathians: A Journey Through the Heart and History of East Central Europe (Part 2: The Western Mountains). Rainy Day Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-70572-9.

[51] Overy, Richard J. (1999). Russia's war. London: Penguin. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-14-027169-0. The Soviet leaders never forgot the war with Poland. Twenty years later the area was reoccupied amidst an orgy of reprisals. The defeat of 1920 showed that despite victory in the civil war the new state was weakly defended and insecure.

[52] Watt, Richard M. (1998). Bitter glory: Poland and its fate ; 1918-1939. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7818-0673-2. Despite Piłsudski's disappointment with many aspects of the Treaty of Riga, the Polish-Soviet War did have certain positive results for the Polish Republic. Most importantly, it taught the Soviet government that it was dealing with a tough, patriotic people who were unready for a revolution with a Russian flavor. Lenin himself admitted that the war had been a serious mistake. Poland had been probed with the bayonets of the Red Army and the bayonets had been blunted. The Soviets would not attack Poland again for nearly a generation.

[53] "History of the Russo-Polish War | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-04-07.

[54] Gella, Aleksander (1989-01-01). Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors. SUNY Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88706-833-1. The Polish victory had gained twenty years of independence

[55] Porter-Szücs, Brian Allen (2014). Poland in the modern world: beyond martyrdom. A new history of modern Europe. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4443-3218-6. In hindsight, the Polish-Bolshevik War was in a fact a victory for the idea of Poland

[56] Sanford, George (2007-05-07). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-30299-4. in the 'bitterness of defeat' in the Polish-Soviet War of 1920

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